《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
Discourse Translation
◇Teaching Contents:
I. Comment on the Homework II. Procedures of Translation
Lexical Analyzing 形态－词法分析过程； Syntactic Analyzing 句法结构分析过程； Semantic Analyzing 情境－语义分析过程； Stylistic Analyzing 风格特点分析过程； Sentence Constructing 构句过程； Sentence Refining 修辞优化过程
III. Steps of Translation
A. Sentence Structure Analyzing 分析句子结构
e.g. Returning, then, to the consideration of the question, from which I may seem to have digressed, thus much I think I have made good, -- that, whether or no a Catholic university should put before it, as its great object, to make its students “gentlemen”, still to make them something or other is its great object, and not simply to protect the interests and advance the dominion of Science.
B. Condensing 紧缩主干
e.g. This being undeniable, it is plain that, when he suggests to the Irish Hierarchy the establishment of a university, his first and chief and direct object is, not science, art, professional skill, literature, the discovery of knowledge, but some benefit or other, to accrue, by means of literature and science, to his own children; not indeed their formation on any narrow or fantastic type, as, for instance, that of an ―English Gentleman‖, but their exercise and growth in certain habits, moral or intellectual.
C. Streamlining 理清脉络
D. Meaning Distinguishing 辨析语义
1. Meaning in lexical and semantic context 形态语义关系
e.g. quarterfinal; neo-liberalism
2. Meaning in grammatical context 语法层次关系
e.g. his nursing mother vs. the profession of nursing; curtain vs. curtains; 很难吃
3. Meaning in textual context 词语联立关系
e.g. Science of defense for ladies 4. Meaning in cultural context 语言文化关系
e.g. Christmas stockings; 过五关、斩六将 5. Meaning in emotive context 感情色彩关系
e.g. 怕他不来
6. Meaning in referential context 指涉呼应关系
e.g. – Sponge? I never drink like a sponge! – Well, I don’t think so. 7. Meaning in logical context 思维逻辑关系
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
e.g. He has no opinion; he just takes his color from the company he is in.（人云亦云）
Every couple is not a pair. 成双未必成对。 8. Meaning in professional context
E. Relocating 调整搭配
Four principles:
1) Whether the semantic content is faithfully presented; 2) Whether the stylistic form is truly presented;
3) Whether the grammatical relations are faithfully presented; 4) Whether the translation is readable and intelligible.
F. Refining 润色词语
Three Criteria: accurate, concise, beautiful 准，精，美
G. Checking 审核校对 : basic facts and figures
IV. Translationese in E-C Translation
A. Inflexible Diction 措词死板
e.g. He is taller than any other students in the class. 他比（班上其他任何一个同学）班上的同学都高
e.g. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy – I would have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. 我追寻着爱，首先是因为爱能带来极度的欢乐——我愿（牺牲我所有的余生）倾我一生来换取这片刻的幸福。
B. Improper collocation 搭配不当
e.g. write a check 开支票
e.g. Beset by the rise of television and postal rates, the magazine was folded by Time Inc. in 1972, 36 years after its founding.
在电视普及和邮资上涨的夹攻之下……
C. Neglect of the Context 忽略语境
e.g. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolved around the Sun rather than around the Earth.
伽利略（最大的光荣）最光辉的业绩在于……
D. Inconsistency of the Style 风格不统一
e.g. Quite clearly, the third world has changed much since the 1950s and their old cliché-ridden image of that period can hardly apply to them now. ……当年那种陈腐的旧形象与它们现时的情况已（对不上号）不可同日而语了。 e.g. – It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job. – A wonderful job.
– Are you going to take it?
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
– I don’t think so. – Why not?
– I don’t want to.
E. Translation of When- Clause “当当不已”
e.g. Helen was relieved when she went back home and saw the diamond still locked in the safe.
海伦回到家中，看见那颗钻石仍然锁在保险箱里，这才松了一口气（放下心来）。 e.g. He was about to leave when he noticed the owner of the bookshop beckoning at him. 他正要离开，忽然注意到（看到）书店老板在向他招手。
e.g. He says he hasn’t got any money when in fact he’s got thousands of dollars in his account.
他说他没钱，其实（可事实上）他的户头里有几千美元。
F. Translation of Pronoun “它它不绝”
e.g. The shopman offers a third (apple); but before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour.
店员又给了你第三个苹果，可是没吃之前你仔细看了看，发现这苹果又硬又青，于是立即就说不要了，因为这苹果肯定酸。
G. Translation of Attributive “的的不休”
e.g. The most complex and enigmatic of Giacometti’s Surrealist works, Palace at Four A.M., is a sculptural construction consisting of seemingly unrelated objects placed in a fragile environment defined by the thin wooden skeletal frame of the ―palace.‖ 《凌晨四点的宫殿》是贾克梅蒂最为复杂和高深莫测的一件超现实主义雕刻作品：一座细木条做的“宫殿”，形状就象一副骨架；在这易碎的环境里，放臵着一个个看似毫无关联的物体。
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
Translation of Argumentative Writing
比较阅读
Politics and the English Language
[1]In our time it is broadly true that political writing is bad writing. Where it is not true, it will generally be found that the writer is some kind of rebel, expressing his private opinions, and not a \dialects to be found in pamphlets, leading articles, manifestos, White Papers and the speeches of Undersecretaries do, of course, vary from party to party, but they are all alike in that one almost never finds in them a fresh, vivid, home-made turn of speech. When one watches some tired hack on the platform mechanically repeating the familiar phrases — bestial atrocities, iron heel, bloodstained tyranny, free peoples of the world, stand shoulder to shoulder — one often has a curious feeling that one is not watching a live human being but some kind of dummy: a feeling which suddenly becomes stronger at moments when the light catches the speaker's spectacles and turns them into blank discs which seem to have no eyes behind them. And this is not altogether fanciful. A speaker who uses that kind of phraseology has gone some distance towards turning himself into a machine. The appropriate noises are coming out of his larynx, but his brain is not involved as it would be if he were choosing words for himself. If the speech he is making is one that he is accustomed to make over and over again, he may be almost unconscious of what he is saying, as one is when one utters the responses in church. And this reduced state if not indispensable, is at any rate favourable to political conformity.
[2] In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things like the continuance of British rule in India, the Russian purges and deportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness. Defenseless villages are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the countryside, the cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets: this is called pacification. Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is called transfer of population or rectification of frontiers. People are imprisoned for years without trial, or shot in the back of the neck or sent to die of scurvy in Arctic lumber camps: this is called elimination of unreliable elements. Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures of them.
[3] The inflated style is itself a kind of euphemism. A mass of Latin words falls upon the facts like soft snow, blurring the outlines and covering up all the details. The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish squirting out ink. In our age there is no such thing as ―keeping out of politics‖. All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred, and schizophrenia. When the general atmosphere is bad, language must suffer.
[4] But if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought. A bad usage can spread by tradition and imitation, even among people who should and do know better. The debased language that I have been discussing is in some ways very convenient. Phrases like a not unjustifiable assumption, leaves much to be desired, would serve no good purpose, a consideration which we should do well to bear in mind, are a continuous temptation, a packet of aspirins 12 always
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《英汉翻译理论与实践1》课程讲稿
at one's elbow. Look back through this essay, and for certain you will find that I have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against.
[5] I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable. Those who deny this would argue, if they produced an argument at all, that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development by any direct tinkering with words and constructions. So far as the general tone or spirit of a language goes, this may be true, but it is not true in detail. Silly words and expressions have often disappeared, not through any evolutionary process but owing to the conscious action of a minority. Two recent examples were explore every avenue and leave no stone unturned, which were killed by the jeers of a few journalists. There is a long list of fly-blown metaphors which could similarly be got rid of if enough people would interest themselves in the job; and it should also be possible to laugh the not un-formation out of existence, to drive out foreign phrases and strayed scientific words, and, in general, to make pretentiousness unfashionable.
政治与英语
[1] 在我们这个时代，说政治文章的写作是拙劣的写作，一般是正确的。若有不适用的地方，多半是因为那位作者是某种意义上的叛逆，发表的是他个人的意见，而不是 “党派调门”。不论什么色彩，凡是正统的，似乎都要求你采用一种没有生气的、鹦鹉学舌的文风。当然，小册子、社论、宣言、政府白皮书、各部次官的讲话中可以找到的政治套话，在党与党之间或有差别，但是他们在一点上都是一样的，那就是你从里面几乎永远找不出一句新鲜的、生动的、自创的话。你看着一个神态疲惫的政客在讲台上机械地重复着听熟了的话——什么 bestial atrocities, iron heel, bloodstained tyranny, free peoples of the world, stand shoulder to shoulder ——你常常会有一种奇怪的感觉，你看到的不是一个活人，而是一个假人。这种感觉有时会突然变得强烈起来 -- 特别是当你看到灯光反射在演讲者的眼镜片上，使眼镜片成了空白的圆片，它后面似乎没有眼睛存在的时候。这并不是纯属幻觉。使用这种词汇的演讲者已在某种程度上把自己变成了一台机器。他的喉部固然仍旧发出应有的声音，可是他的脑子却没动，而如果由他自己选词造句的话，他就会动动脑子。如果他发表的讲话是他一遍又一遍讲惯了的话，他很可能根本不知道自己在说些什么，就像我们在教堂里应唱圣歌时口中念念有词一样。而这样意识降低的状态，对于政治上的驯服一致，如果不是不可或缺的话，说什么也是有利的。
[2] 在我们这个时代，政治讲话的写作多半是为不可辩解的事情进行辩解。像维持英国在印度的统治、俄国的清洗和流放、在日本投掷原子弹这样的事情，确实是可以辩解的，不过只能用大多数人所不能接受的蛮横的论据，而这又不合那些政党所标榜的宗旨。因此政治语言就不免主要由委婉含蓄的隐语、偷换概念的诡辩和纯属掩饰的含糊其词所组成。赤手空拳没有设防的村庄遭到空中轰炸、村民给驱到荒野、牲畜被机枪扫射、茅屋被燃烧焚毁：这叫做 pacificaton。千百万的农民被剥夺农田，身无长物，跋涉于途：这叫做 transfer of population 或 rectification of frontiers 。未经审判即遭长期监禁，或者后脑崩上一枪，或者被遣送到北极圈伐木营中去患坏血病致死：这叫做： elimination of unreliable elements 。如果你要称谓某种事物而又不愿在读者心目中引起它们的图像，这种用词是必要的。
[3] 这种虚饰的文风本身就是一种委婉其词的隐语。一大堆拉丁字根的词汇像雪花一样落在事实上，模糊了界线轮廓，掩盖了一切细节。不诚实乃是语言明白的大敌。在一个人的真正意图和公开宣称的意图之间有距离时，他就会象出于本能一样求助于大话和空话，就像墨鱼放墨汁。在我们这个时代，“不问政治”这种事情是没有的。所有的问题都是政治问题，而政治本身又集谎话、遁词、蠢事、仇恨、精神分裂症之大成。总气候一坏，语言就受害。[4]
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