黄河与中华文明

黄河与中华文明

The Yellow River and Chinese civilization 一、黄河――中国北方唯一横贯东西的大河

The yellow river___ the only river that runs across northern china from east to west

黄河发源于青海巴颜喀拉山，流经青海、四川、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、河南、山东等九省区，于山东垦利注入渤海

The yellow river originates from Baryan Har Shan in Qinghai province. It runs through 9 provinces and autonomous regions as Qinghai, Sichuan, Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, SHaanxi, Henan and Shandong, and empties into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province. 黄河在中国的地理位置（图）

The yellow river’s geographic position in china

黄河源头――卡日曲（发源于巴颜喀拉山支脉各姿各雅山东麓）（图） The headstream of the yellow river ____Kariqu (originating from the eastside of Gezigeya Shan, one of the branch ranges of Baryan Har Shan)

黄河源――江泽民题（图）

The headstream of the yellow river——inscribed by former Chinese president, Jiang Zemin)

（二）黄河是中国北方唯一横贯东西的大河，干流长5464km（中国第二），流域面积79.5万km2 （占全国土地总面积的8.3％）

The yellow river is the only river that runs across northern China from east to west. It is the second longest river in China with a length of 5,464 kilometers, and it covers an area of 795,000 square kilometers (about 8.3% of the total area of China).

（三）上中下游河道各具特色

The upper, middle and lower reaches of the yellow river all have its own distinctive features)

1．上游（内蒙古河口镇以上）――河长3472km，可分为河源段、峡谷段和平原段三部分

The upper reach (from Hekou town in Inner Mongolia and above) is 3472km long. It consists of three parts: the riverhead part, the gorge part, and the plain part.

（1）河源段（青海贵德龙羊峡以上），大部流行于青藏高原面上，河道迂回曲折，两岸多湖泊沼泽，河水清浅而稳定

Most of the Riverhead part (from Longyang Gorge in Guide, Qinghai and above) runs across the surface of Qingzang Plateau. There are many lakes and swamps on both banks. The riverway is full of twists and turns, and the water is clear, fleet and steady.

（2）峡谷段（龙羊峡至青铜峡），峡谷和川地相间分布，有近20个峡谷，

水流湍急，水头落差大，水能资源丰富

From Longyang Gorge to Qingtong Gorge is the gorge part, where gorges alternate with mountains. There are about 20 gorges with torrential water. The fall between two river ends is huge and there is plentiful water resource.

河道切过祁连山向东南延伸的余脉，形成峡谷和川地相间分布的形势。这一段计有龙羊峡、积石峡、刘家峡、青铜峡等近20个峡谷。水流湍急，水头总落差达1300多米，可利用的水头落差亦达1084米，蕴藏着丰富的水能资源。本河段有洮河、湟水等支流汇入，使黄河水量增加。

The riverway cuts across the southeastward ranges of the Qilian Shan, thus forms a terrain where gorges alternating with mountains. There are about 20 gorges such as Longyang Gorge, Jishi Gorge, Liujia Gorge, and Qingtong Gorge. The water runs in torrents, and the total fall between river ends amounts to 1,300 meters, of which 1,084 meters is available for use. This part contains abundant water resource. The join of branches such as river Tao and river Huang adds to the quantity of water in the yellow river.

（3）平原段（青铜峡至河口镇），河床平缓，两岸为著名的银川平原和河套平原

The plain part starts from Qingtong Gorge to Hekou town. It has stable and slow riverbed. On both sides are the famous Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain.

出青铜峡后，河道沿鄂尔多斯高原西北边界绕流，沿途所经，大部分为干旱和半干旱地区，几无支流加入。

Out of the Qingtong Gorge, the riverway runs around the northwestern boundary of the Ordos Plateau, most of which is arid and semiarid area with no branch joining in.

2．中游（从河口镇到河南孟津）――流程1122km，比降大，河道窄，支流多，水量与泥沙含量均急剧增加

The middle reach starts from Hekou town to Mengjin county, Henan province, with a length of 1,122 km. This part has huge fall between river ends, narrow riverway, and many branches, which makes a sharp increase of both water and mud and sand.

（1）河口镇至龙门（陕西韩城北）段比降大，河道窄，由北而南穿行在晋陕峡谷之中

From Hekou town to Longmen(to the north of Hancheng, shanxi province), there is large fall and narrow riverway. The river runs from north to south across the gorges between Shanxi province and SHaanxi Province.

河口镇至龙门（陕西韩城北），河长仅718km，水头落差却达611米，比降很大。著名的壶口瀑布，平水时瀑布跌落17米，龙门河床宽仅100米，水势

咆哮，极为壮观。

In this part the river has a length of only 718 km but the fall between river ends reaches 611 meters. The famous Hukou Waterfall has a fall of 17 meters. The Longmen riverbed is only 100 meters wide but has blustering and spectacular water. 壶口瀑布（图） Hukou Waterfall

（2）龙门以下至潼关，在长仅130km河段内，接纳了汾河、泾河、渭河、洛河等不少重要支流，水量大增，同时也带入了大量的泥沙，水流缓慢，泥沙淤积，河道很不稳定。

From Longmen to Tongguan, important branches such as River Fen, River Jing, River Wei, and River Luo pour into the only 130 kms long reach, which makes the water increase suddenly and also brings large quantity of mud and sand. Thus the current is slow, the mud and sand fills up the riverbed and the riverway is unsteady.

泾渭不再分明（渭河是黄河最大的支流，泾河又是渭河的支流）（图） Jing and Wei are no longer clearly demarcated. (River Wei is the longest branch of the yellow river, and River Jing is a branch of River Wei.)

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