(课标通用)2017高考英语一轮复习专题19篇章结构题教学案资料

专题19 篇章结构题

考纲展示 命题探究

1 命题方式的特点

篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章描述事件的发展、所说明事物的结构或论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析和总结的能力。

2 常见的设问方式

(1)How is the passage organized?

(2)Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? (3)The author develops the passage mainly by______. 3 篇章结构题的注意事项

考生在做该题型时要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。

[考法综述] 该类题主要考查文章发展的脉络、各段落的层次关系以及写作手法，

如举例、比较、类比等论证手法。

命题法1 段落组织方法

典例1 The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable, business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world\'s ecological balance.

On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area\'s birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种) that depend on the trees\' flowers and fruits. Full－sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.

On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee

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fields also threatens (威胁) human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests\' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world\'s groundwater.

Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world\'s climate, and studies show that the loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions.

It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.

Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?

(P：Paragraph)

[答案] A 篇章结构题。文章第一段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题；二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏；第五段劝说人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。

【解题法】 段落组织方法的解题思路 (1)通读全文，把握各段大意。 (2)确定段落组织框架。

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①总分式：总分；分总；总分总。 ②并列式：段落之间是平行关系。 ③对照式：一正一反。

命题法2 写作方法(论证方法)类

典例2 Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture\'s celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.

Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.

Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.

Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.

Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.

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