Chapter 1 Introduction
1. What is linguistics? 什么是语言学? 一般来说,语言学可以定义为语言的科学研究 Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language.
2. What is lexicology? 词汇学是语言学的一个分支关心研究词汇的一个给定的语言。
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.
3．Methods of Study研究方法：
Synchronic approaches共时研究： words can be studied at a point in time
Diachronic approaches历时研究： consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 单词和词汇的基本概念 4. What Is a Word? The definition of a word 单词的定义 a minimal free form of a language; a sound unity; a unit of meaning;
a form that can function alone in a sentence.
Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。 5. Vocabulary（三种）
Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc. There is a total English vocabulary of more than 1 million.
从广义上说,所有的词在一种语言共同构成所谓的词汇。术语词汇通常是指一个完整的库存在一个语言的词。但它也可能指的是单词和短语使用的一种语言变体,如方言、寄存器、术语等。有一个总英语词汇超过100万。
? The total number of the words in a language. ? All the words used in a particular historical period.
? All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed
by an individual person
总数量的单词在一个语言。 所有的单词用在一个特定的历史时期。
所有单词的一个给定的方言,一个给定的书,一个给定的纪律和单词一个人拥有的 6. Sound and Meaning 声音和意义
Mainly there are two positions 声音和意义任意性的关系
The naturalists and The Conventionalists conventional and arbitrary常规和任意 ---what‘s in name? That which we call a rose.
---By any other name would smell as sweet. 此例反映了声音和意义任意性的关系 7. Sound and Form 声音和形式不是一一对应的关系Is not a one-to-one relationship 8. Classification of Words 单词的分类
three main criteria: By origin 起源：2种Native words and Loan words本族语和外来语
By level of usage 使用：5种 By notion概念：2种Function words and Content words语法和词汇意义
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(1).Native words：Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native words. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language.
In the native stock we find the most frequently used words denoting the commonest things necessary for life
The fundamental features of the basic word stock 4个基本特征
National character民族性、Stability稳定性、Productivity生产性、Collocability搭配性 (2).Loan words：English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. 英语外来词汇占了大约80% especially from Latin, French, and Greek Borrowed words are divided into four kinds:
Denizens(同化词)、Aliens(非同化词)、Translation-loans(译借词)、Semantic loans(借义词) (3).By level of usage 按使用可分为5种
Common words常用单词 Literary words文学单词
Colloquial words口语化的词 Slang words俚语
Technical words 技术单词
(4).By notion 按概念可分为2种
Function words and Content words语法意义和词汇意义
Function words：They act as grammatical signals to show the connection between content words. 他们作为语法信号显示内容之间的连接词。
Content words have independent lexical meanings 实词有独立的词汇意义 Chapter 3 The Development of the English Vocabulary 英语词汇的发展 9. The Historical Development
Understanding the history may give us an insight into the nature of English: extremely rich and heterogeneous, a heavy borrower, full of synonyms, global language. 了解历史可以让我们了解英语的本质:极其丰富和异构的、沉重的借款人,充满了同义词,全球语言。 Time 450 790 1066 Historical events Celts (the earliest inhabitants Influences The Celts The conquest and settlement of the Angles, Anglo-Saxon Saxons, and the Jutes the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests The Norman Conquest Old Norse borrowed French borrowed 1. Latin borrowed 2. Other European languages borrowed 1.Non-European 2.languages borrowed English worldwide 16th-18tThe Renaissance(14th century) h century At the Colonization turn of the 19th and 20th centuries After WWII Advance in science and technology Many new words created (1).Pre-English Days (A.D.1-449)
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Notice that there was no such thing as ―English‖ during this period. The inhabitants of Britain—the Britons—did not speak English, but various Celtic languages.
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