汉英翻译考试复习材料

汉英翻译考试复习材料

汉语词语和英语词语之间不存在机械的对应，翻译中不能随意把某个汉语词和某个英语词划上等号。

发展水平 level of development 英语水平 English proficiency 生活水平 living standard 游泳水平 swimming skills 领导水平 art of leadership

使你的工作保持在高水平上 Keep your work on a high plane.

把我们的素质提高到一个新的水平 to raise our quality to a new height 住房紧张 housing shortage 历史经验 past experience

这家工厂只有几年的历史。This factory was set up only a few years. 他主要抓生产。He is mainly in charge of production.

他抓紧时间进行技术训练。He lost no time in technical training. 这部电影抓住了许多观众。The movie appealed to a lot of audience. 抓重点 stress the essentials

关心人民生活 to care about the living of the people 关心局势发展 to follow the developments closely 共同关心的问题 issues of mutual interest

我们关心中国是否能保持持续发展。We would like to know whether China will be able to achieve a sustainable development.

领导人对两国关系的发展非常关心。Our leaders have taken interest in the development of our bilateral relations.

在这种情况下 under these/such circumstances; such being the case; in accordance with this specific condition

这种情况必须改变。 This state of affairs must change. 现在情况不同了。 Now things are different.

他们的情况怎么样？How do matters stand with them? 前线有什么情况？How is the situation at the front?

前面有情况，做好战斗准备。There’s enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat. 他问起了我的健康情况。He inquired after my health.

可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。But the picture outside this place is quite another story. 我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。We may go there, but that depends. (…it all depends.) 西方舆论纷纷预测。The western press has much to say in prediction. 西部的矿产很丰富。The west of China is rich in minerals.

我国的经济建设需要一个和平的国际环境。For its economic construction, China needs a peaceful international environment.

如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon forwarded to us.

事实雄辩地证明了有志者事竟成。The facts eloquently demonstrate that there is a will, there is a way.

语言中的搭配

搭配的形式主要是任意的，并不依赖意义，一种语言内部是这样，同样语言之间也是这样。通过英汉双语比较可以清楚的观察到这种非对应性。

浓茶 strong tea 浓墨 ink浓烟 dense smok浓眉 heavy eyebrows

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浓云 thick cloud浓雾 dense fog

青山 green hil青天 blue sky青布 black cloth 开车drive a car开船 set sail 开机器 start a machine

上自行车get on a bike上飞机 board a plane 上山 go up (mount) a hill 老毛病 a chronic ailment 老部下 a former subordinate 老工人a veteran worker 老式样 old-fashioned 老规矩 traditional rules 老菠菜 overgrown spinach 打灯笼 carry a lantern

打起精神 raise one’s spirits 打伞 hold up an umbrella

学习知识 acquire (attain) knowledge 掌握词汇 possess vocabulary 掌握英语 master English 强硬政策 tough policy

介绍经验 pass on experience

接受忠告 take (accept, adopt ) advice 牺牲生命 sacrifice one’s life 牺牲假期 devote one’s holiday

实现了自给自足reach self-sufficiency

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利用意义与形式都相似的习语翻译

这一策略就是利用目的语意义与形式两个方面同原出语中的习语在这两个方面都大致对等的习语进行翻译，这种对等只可遇而不可求。

披着羊皮的狼 a wolf in sheep’s clothing 混水摸鱼 to fish in troubled waters 咬牙切齿 to grind one’s teeth 找麻烦 to look for trouble 充耳不闻 to turn a deaf ear to 晴天霹雳 bolt from the blue 破釜沉舟 to burn one’s boats 冷若冰霜 as cold as ice 泼冷水 to pour cold water on 趁热打铁 to strike while the iron is hot 翻开新的一页 to turn over a new leaf 火上浇油 to pour oil on the flame 骑虎难下 to ride a tiger 轻如鸿毛 as light as a feather 打满分to give someone full marks for 如坐针毡 to sit on pins and needles 铁碗手段 with an iron hand

以眼还眼，以牙还牙 an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 谋事在人，成事在天 Man proposes, heaven disposes. 他们占了三天，不是夹起尾巴逃跑了。They lasted three days, then put their tails between their legs and ran!

保存原习语的形象

在确保不会引起读者错误联想又能传达原义的情况下可以考虑进行异化翻译，从而保留原习语的形象。 他一家子在这儿，他的房子、地在这儿，他跑？跑了和尚跑不了庙。

Escape? But his home and property can’t escape. ‘The monk may run away, but the temple can’t run with him.

咳！这一来，竹篮子打水一场空了！

Ah! We were drawing water in a bamboo basket.

哑巴吃黄连，有苦说不出 The dumb man eats the bitter herb: he had to suffer the bitterness of it in silence.

瞎子点灯白费蜡 as useless as a blind man lighting a candle 丈八的台灯——照见人家，照不见自己 a ten-foot lamp stand that sheds light on others but none on itself

出生牛犊不怕虎。 New-born calves make little of tigers.

盲人国中，独眼称雄。In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king.

留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。As long as green hills remains, there’ll never be a shortage of firewood.

利用目的语中意义相同形象不同的习语翻译

在目的语中找到意义相同但形式不同的习语往往是可能的。 金蝉脱壳 throw sb off the scent 健壮如牛 as strong as a horse 掌上明珠 the apple of one’s eye 昭然若揭 as clear as the sun at midday 木已成舟 What’s been done can’t be undone. 血流如注 bleed like a pig 本末倒置 put the cart before the horse 一贫如洗 as poor as Church mouse 外柔内刚 an iron fist in a velvet glove 鬼鬼祟祟 in this hole-and –corner fashion 占上风 get the upper hand 丁是丁，卯是卯 put on the screws 虚张声势 cry wolf 入乡随俗 do as the Romans do 非驴非马 neither fish nor fowl

天涯何处无芳草 There are many fish in the sea.

江山易改，本性难移 The leopard can’t change its spots.

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人以类聚，物以群分 like attracts like; birds of a feather flock together 欲加治罪，何患无词 A stick is quickly found to beat a dog with. 亡羊补牢 Shut the stable door when the horse has bolted

只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯 One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.

欲盖弥彰 To try to put a patch upon it and be worse off.

一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 进行解释性翻译

汉语习语在英语中可能找不到对等语，或者由于原出语与目的语对于文体偏好的差异，运用习语性语言翻译就会不得体，在这种情况下运用解释性翻译是迄今为止最常见的翻译方法。 鸦雀无声 to be utterly quiet

扬眉吐气 to feel proud and elated

单枪匹马 to be single-handed in doing sth. 畏首畏尾 over-cautious

万古流芳 will be remembered throughout the age

做工精细 fine workmanship 家喻户晓 to be widely known 杞人忧天 unnecessary anxiety 相形见绌 pale by comparison

功败垂成 suffer defeat on the verge of victory

前功尽弃 all one’s previous efforts wasted 饱经风霜 weather-beaten 碰一鼻子灰 being snubbe

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塞翁失马，安知非福？A loss may turn out to be a gain. 不到黄河心不死 not stop until one reaches one’s goal

但我的事现在搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。But there had been too much publicity about my case.

省略性翻译（节译）

汉语中有大量的四字语，属于并列的对偶结构。

对此类汉语习语通常可采用节译法，即省去并列重复的部分，保留它的基本喻意。 深情厚意 profound feeling 精疲力竭 exhaustion 愁眉苦脸 gloomy face 不学无术 uneducated 长吁短叹 sign deeply 断子绝孙 die sonless

赤手空拳 bare-handed 铺天盖地 overwhelmingly如胶似漆 dote on each other

土崩瓦解 fall apart 街谈巷议 street gossip 高谈阔论 speak with fervor and assurance

应探索各种途径和手段促进儿童的语言发展。

Various channels should be explored to promote the language development of children. 他们要到海外看望家人和亲属。They are going to visit their relatives overseas.

我们要建立充满生机与活力的经济结构。We will establish a vigorous economic structure. 为了确保这两种产品顺利转换和成功交接，科研人员将继续与企业合作。

The scientific researchers will continue to cooperate with the enterprise to ensure that the transfer of the two products proceeds smoothly. 这家航空公司需要加强改进和完善运行机制。

The airline company should make intensive efforts to change their way of operation. 中国的熊猫保护区China’s Panda Reserves

英语中有些名词既可以用作可数名词又可用作不可数名词，翻译时尤其要注意。 对失败一方来说，讲和条件通常是苛刻的。

The (terms; term) of the peace were usually hard for the defeated side. 多年的教学经验，帮助我改变了主意。

Years of teaching (experiences; experience) has helped me to change my mind. 我想今后不会有太多的金融机构破产，也许就没有了。

I don’t expect to see too many (bankruptcy cases; bankruptcies) of financial firms in the future, and maybe there will be none.

在他的干预下，进行了不少盲目的重复建设。

Under his intervention there have been a lot of indiscriminate and duplicated (constructions; construction projects)

汉语没有时和体的形式范畴，不是通过改变动词的形式来表达时和体的区别。如有必要时间参照是通过增加一些副词的方式表达出来。当语境要求把时间关系清楚地表达出来时，汉语的典型表达方式可以通过以下例句显示出来。 他现在在北京工作。He is working in Peking. 他当时在北京工作。He was working in Peking.

这一吸引人的黑白相间的动物为人们所广泛地喜爱。作为世界自然基金会（WWF）的标记，熊猫已经成为中国和国际性自然保护努力的象征。

This attractive black and white mammal has widespread human appeal and has become a symbol for conservation efforts both within China and internationally as the symbol of

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The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). 如果她更用功些，她就会学得更好。

She (is going to; will)do better in her studies if she works harder. 电影已经开始十分钟了。

The film has been on for ten minutes. 已经上课十分钟了。

The class has been going on for ten minutes. 那本英语书他已丢了三天了。

He lost his English book three days ago. 图书馆已经开门半小时了。

The library has been open for half an hour. 中国人民不用多久就会变得富裕起来。

It won’t be long before the Chinese people become well off. 我们某些产品应该说已经达到先进水平。

Some of our products ought to be said to have reached advanced levels. 等我们的老师从国外回来，我们就要做完我们的工作了。

We shall have finished our work by the time our teacher returns from abroad. 20年来，中国的科学家们为祖国做出了贡献。

In the past twenty years, the Chinese scientists have done great service to their motherland.

这项工作完成多久了。How long has the work been done? 他遭到了邻居们的嘲笑。He was laughed at by his neighbors.

希望你有机会来中国访问。It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China. 这座桥将在今年年底建成。

The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year. 有些问题还需要澄清。Certain questions have yet to be clarified. 这个问题正在研究。The problem is now being studied. 中美已经建立了外交关系。

Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America.

口试时，问了十个问题，她都答对了。

She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly. 来宾请出示入场券。Visitors are requested to show their tickets.

请你给我们表演一个节目。You are requested to give a performance. 请全系教师和干部于星期三下午二时在会议室集合，听报告。

All teachers and cadres of the Department are requested to meet in the conference room at 2:00 p.m. on Wednesday to hear a speech.

应该说，情况基本上是健康的。It should be said that the situation is basically sound. 据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的。It rumored that the accident was due to negligence.

与语法有关的其他翻译问题 一、及物与不及物 咱们吃饭去吧。

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Let’s go and eat.

Let’s go and eat our meal. 他们在读书。 They are reading.

They are reading books. 我们要在音乐会上演唱。

We’re going to sing at the concert.

We’re going to sing songs at the concert. 你付钱了吗？

Have you paid money? Have you paid yet?

因此在这个问题上我重复了这么多遍以后，我今天实在不想再讲了。

But after (repeating; repeating my answer; repetitions) so many times on the question, I’m really very reluctant to talk about it any more today.

在亚洲的金融风暴当中，对香港的影响在今年已经陆续显现了，尤其是在今年的上半年。

The effect on Hong Kong of the financial crisis in Southeast Asia has begun (to be shown; to show), especially in the first half of this year. 如果今年再提出来，我想也不会有别的结果。

If they insist on (re-submitting; re-submitting the draft) this year, I don’t see any different outcome. 二、比较句型

今年的产量比去年高。

This year’s output is greater than that of last year. This year’s output is greater than last year.

中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其他许多国家。

China’s per Capita agricultural land cannot compare with many other countries in the world.

China’s per Capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world.

不会取得过去七次会议上的那种结果。

The outcomes would not be different from those of the previous seven times. The outcomes would not be different from the previous seven times. 学习外语的方法和学习游泳的方法一样，必须把实践放到第一位。

The way of learning foreign languages is the same as learning swimming. Practice must be put first.

The way of learning foreign languages is the same as that of learning swimming. Practice must be put first. 三、逐词对译与语法冲突 欢迎你参加我们商品交易会。 Welcome you to visit out trade fair! Welcome to our trade fair!

店主让我父亲一天干16个小时的活。

The shop-owner let father work 16 hours a day.

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The shop-owner made father work 16 hours a day.

作为一个世界贸易组织，缺乏中国，没有中国的参加，我看他很难发挥作为一个世界贸易组织的应有作用。

As a world trade organization, I think, WTO without the participation of China will be hard to play its due role.

As a world trade organization, I think, WTO without the participation of China will find it hard to play its due role.

因为一连几天在下雨，他只得待在家里。

Having rained for successive days, he had to stay at home. As it had rained for successive days, he had to stay at home. 一到北京，我的朋友就在机场等着接我。

On arriving at Beijing, my friend was waiting for me at the airport. On arriving at Beijing, I found my friend waiting for me at the airport. 四、固定用法造成的误译 夜里下过一场雷阵雨。

There was a thunder shower (in the night; at night)

这水可以饮用吗？Is this water good (to drink; to be drunk). 我不怀疑你有科研工作的能力。

I do not doubt your ability (of making; to make) scientific research. 世界范围内的人均木材积蓄量将下降47%。

On the world-wide scale, the per capita timber reserve will drop (to; by; ) 47%.五、词形变化问题

他有两个坡有说服力的理由。

He has two quite convinced reasons. He has two quite convincing reasons.

写作的技巧比起其他艺术的技巧来相当困难。

The technique of writing is rather difficult comparing with that of the other arts. The technique of writing is rather difficult compared with that of the other arts. 录音机为学习外语提供了方便。

Learning foreign languages has been facilitated by recording machines. Recording machines facilitate learning foreign languages. 六. 冠词

汉语中没有冠词，汉译英时容易出现这方面的错误。 我的热度已经退了，但仍旧咳嗽和头疼。

My fever is gone, but I still have a cough and a headache. 这项工程由一位有经验的工程师负责。

This project is in the charge of an experienced engineer. 王老师管理这个班级。Mr Wang is in charge of the class. 他们三人主修物理学。The three of them major in physics.

你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。

You should help him since you have promised to do so. 我们对过去的历史应有所了解。 We should know a little of our history. 这个地区遭受了严重的自然灾害。

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