《英语词汇学》复习资料
Introduction English as a global
1. Lexicology（词汇学） is a branch of linguistics（语言学）. 2. Lexicology和哪些重要的学科建立了联系
1) Morphology（构词学）2) Semantics（语义学）3) Stylistics（语体学） 4) Etymology（词源学）
3. 研究lexicology的两大方法
1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学 2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学
Chapter 1 Lexicology and basic concepts of words and vocabulary
1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary (任意的)and conventional（约定的,俗称的）. 3. sound ＆ form
The sound should be similar to/consistent with the form ,but there are some illogical不合逻辑的and irregularity不规则的 1) influenced by Romans 2) Pronunciation changed 3) early scribes （抄写员） 4) borrowing
4. Vocabulary ——Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. 5. Classification of Words basic full/content 实义词 native/Anglo-Saxon words frequency notion origin nonbasic/vocabulary functional/empty 功能词 borrowed/loan
(1) The characteristics of basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the All national character common care of the language. Stability（稳定性） Productivity（多产性） Polysemy （一词多义）
Collocability （可搭配性） neutral in style（中立性） (2) Two feature of native words
frequent in use
据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少? 50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue ) (3)什么叫borrowed words?
1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. 2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary 3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionarysome 80% of the entries are borrowed.
Chapter 2 The development of the English vocabulary
1. Old English属于Indo-European language family（印欧语系）—— Germanic（日耳曼语系），与德语最相似. 2. History
1）Old English （450-1150）
a. The first people known to inhabit（居住）England were Celts，the language was Celtic（凯尔特语）. b. The second language was the Latin（拉丁语）of the Roman Legions（罗马军队）. Roman invasion → Anglo-Saxon
三个事件 The introduction of Christianity→ 拉丁文的涌入
Viking invasion（北欧海盗）and Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传入
word文档 可自由复制编辑
2） Middle English （1150-1500）
The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English——上层人物 13世纪末English gradually come back into public areas.
在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？ French, Latin, English in Middle English period
easel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？ Middle English , Dutch（带来了2500 个词汇） 3） Modern English （1500-up to now）
The Renaissance（文艺复兴）: Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage（文
化遗产）.
The Industrial Revolution（工业革命）: 17世纪中期With the growth of colonization（殖民化）, British tentacles（魔爪） began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb（吸收）words from all major languages of the world. 十六世纪，有一种新工业Printing出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这导致sound and form 出现concord（一致）和standardization 第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu 标准化
Inflectional language屈折语 Analytical language分析语
Three main sources（来源）new words
The rapid development of modern science and technology Social,economic and political changes
The influence of other cultures and languages Three modes of vocabulary development
Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）
Chapter 3 The structure of English words
1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of
words.）
Free → can stand alone as a word/ independent of other morphemes
Type prefixation 前缀
Lexical → derivational → affixation
Bound → added to other morphemes suffixation 后缀 Grammatical → inflectional
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